The Last Ditch -- GULF WAR 1991: PREFIGURATION AND PRELUDE TO THE 2003 IRAQ DEBACLE by Stephen J. Sniegoski -- NOTES

www.thornwalker.com/ditch/snieg_prefiguration_notes.htm

To Part One of Dr. Sniegoski's article.

To Part Two of Dr. Sniegoski's article.

NOTES

1. Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 14-15.
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2. Michael Dobbs, "U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup," Washington Post, December 30, 2002, p. 1.
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3. Hiro, p. 119.
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4. Dobbs.
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5. Dobbs.
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6. Stephen R. Shalom, "The United States and the Iran-Iraq War," Z Magazine, February 1990; Jeremy Scahill, "The Saddam in Rumsfeld's Closet," Common Dreams, August 2, 2002; and Chris Bury, "A Tortured Relationship — U.S. and Iraq Were Not Always Enemies," NucNews, September 18, 2002. (Note: Possible copyright problem; the Bury piece seems to have been originally posted at ABC News, September 18, 2002. It is no longer available there, however.) Also Dobbs.
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7. William Blum, "Anthrax for Export," The Progressive, April 1998.
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8. Dobbs.
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9. Dobbs.
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10. Hiro, pp. 83, 117-18.
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11. Steven Hurst, The Foreign Policy of the Bush Administration: In Search of a New World Order (London: Cassell, 1999), p. 86.
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12. Jackson Diehl, "New Arab Arsenals Challenge Israel's Long Regional Dominance," Washington Post, April 3, 1990, p. A-35.
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13. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, "Iraq's Arsenal of Horrors: Baghdad's Growing Menace Alters Israeli Strategy," Washington Post, April 8, 1990, p. B-1.
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14. Quoted in Diehl.
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15. Andrew Cockburn and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli Covert Relationship (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), pp. 350-51.
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16. Majid Khadduri and Edmund Ghareeb, War in the Gulf, 1990-1991: The Iraq-Kuwait Conflict and Its Implications (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 99-100.
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17. Khadduri and Ghareeb, p. 100.
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18. Hurst, pp. 29-34, 72-76.
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19. William Safire, "Bush Versus Israel," New York Times, March 26, 1990, p. A-17.
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20. Ted Thornton, "The Gulf Wars, 1990-1991," History of the Middle East Database, March 19, 2003; and Sam Husseini and Jim Naureckas, "Zuckerman Unbound," FAIR, January/February 1993.
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21. Murray Waas, "Who lost Kuwait?," San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 30, 1991.
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22. Dilip Hiro, Iraq in the Eye of the Storm (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002), pp. 32-34; Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 105-108.
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23. Hiro, Iraq in the Eye of the Storm, pp. 32-34; Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 105-108.
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24. Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 234-36.
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25. Hurst, p. 88.
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26. Charles Krauthammer, "Nightmare From the '30s," Washington Post, July 27, 1990, p. A27.
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27. Hurst, p. 90; H. Rahman, Making of the Gulf War: Origins of Kuwait's Long-Standing Territorial Dispute with Iraq (Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 1997), pp. 298-99.
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28. John Edward Wilz, "The Making of Mr. Bush's War: A Failure to Learn from History?," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996.
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29. Wilz.
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30. Mitchel Cohen, "How the War Party Sold the 1991 Bombing of Iraq to U.S.," Antiwar.com, December 30, 2002.
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31. William Thomas, Bringing the War Home (Earthpulse Press, 1996-99), Chapter 2, Earthpulse.com.
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32. Scott Peterson, "In war, some facts less factual," Christian Science Monitor, September 6, 2002; and Jon Basil Utley, "Questions About the Supposed Iraqi Threat to Saudi Arabia in l990 — Aerial Photos Were Never Released!!," Americans against World Empire, 1990.
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33. Jackson Diehl, "Gulf Crisis Boosts Israeli Confidence over Relations with U.S.," Washington Post, August 5, 1990, p. A-13.
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34. Cockburn and Cockburn, pp. 353, 356.
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35. "Solarz Forms Group Backing Gulf Policies," Washington Post, December 9, 1990, p. A-36.
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36. Christopher Layne, "Why the Gulf War Was Not in the National Interest," The Atlantic, July 1991. (Web access restricted to subscribers.)
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37. E.J. Dionne Jr., "Gulf Crisis Rekindles Democrats' Old Debate but with New Focus," Washington Post, January 3, 1991, p. A-16.
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38. Patrick J. Buchanan, "A.M. Rosenthal's Outrage Reeks of Fakery," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 21, 1990, p. 3C.
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39. Richard Cohen, "Those Calls for War," Washington Post, August 28, 1990, p. A-17.
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40. Thomas L. Friedman, "Confrontation in the Gulf: Behind Bush's Hard Line," New York Times, August 22, 1990, p. A-1.
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41. Sami Yosif, "The Iraqi-U.S. War: a Conspiracy Theory," in The Gulf War and the New World Order, edited by Haim Bresheeth and Nira Yuval-Davis (London: Zed Books, 1991), pp. 51-59.
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42. Hurst, pp. 95-96.
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43. Peter Schweizer and Rochelle Schweizer, The Bushes: Portrait of a Dynasty (New York: Doubleday, 2004), p. 394.
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44. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 393.
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45. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 394.
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46. Joshua Muravchik, "At Last, Pax Americana," New York Times, January 24, 1991, p. A-23.
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47. Bruce Fein, "No quarrel with the people of Iraq?," Washington Times, February 20, 1991, p. G-4.
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48. Arnold Beichman, "How the divide over Iraq strategies began," Washington Times, November 27, 2002, p. A-18.
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49. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), p. 489.
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50. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), p. 435.
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51. Norman Podhoretz, "World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win," Commentary, September 2004.
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52. A.M. Rosenthal, "Why the Betrayal?," New York Times, April 2, 1991, p. A-19.
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53. Rosenthal, "The Way Out," New York Times, April 23, 1991, p. A-21.
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54. Rosenthal, "The Fear of Morality," New York Times, April 16, 1991, p. A-23.
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55. Safire, "Bush's Moral Crisis," New York Times, April 1, 1991, p. A- 17. See also: Safire, "Follow the Kurds to Save Iraq," New York Times, March 28, 1991, p. A-25; and Safire, "Bush's Bay of Pigs," New York Times, April 4, 1991, p. A-23.
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56. Krauthammer, "After Winning Big, Bush Ran Away Fast," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 5, 1991, p. 3-B.
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57. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 399.
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58. Tom Diaz, "Israelis aren't making Baker's job any easier," Washington Times, April 8,1991, p. A-9.
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59. Warren Strobel, "Baker condemns Israeli settlement policy," Washington Times, May 23, 1991, p. A-8.
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60. George H.W. Bush, The President's News Conference, September 12th, 1991, Public Papers of George Bush: 1989-1993, The American Presidency Project; Strobel, "Bush won't back loan to Jewish state," Washington Times, March 18, 1992, p. A-7; and Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 218-23. (My review-essay on Ginsberg's book is posted at The Last Ditch: "Deadly enemy, deadly friend.")
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61. Strobel, "Bush won't back loan to Jewish state"; Michael Hedge, "Israeli lobby president resigns over promises," Washington Times, November 4, 1992, p. A-3; "Loan Guarantees for Israel," Washington Times, September 11, 1992, p. F-2; Frank Gaffney, Jr., "Neocon job that begs for answers," October 13, 1992, p. F-1; Andrew Borowiec, "Group counters Bush on Israel," Washington Times, February 27, 1992, p. A-1; and Ginsberg, pp. 218-23.
Baker is quoted in John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 197.
An interesting side note. In Jewish Power: Inside the Jewish Establishment (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1996), J.J. Goldberg observes (p. 234): "In 1991, at the height of the Bush administration's confrontation with Israel, no fewer than seven of the nineteen assistant secretaries in the State Department were Jews."
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62. "Committee on U.S. Interests in the Middle East," SourceWatch, Center for Media and Democracy, April 1992; and "New Committee Explains Israel as U.S. Asset," The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, April 1, 1992.
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63. "The Complete Unexpurgated AIPAC Tape," Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December/January 1992/93.
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64. Robert I. Friedman, "The Wobbly Israel Lobby," Washington Post, November 1, 1992, p. C-1; and Cathryn Donohoe, "Defection of the Neocons," Washington Times, October 27, 1992, p. E-1.
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65. Fred Barnes, "Neocons for Clinton: They're Back!" New Republic, March 7, 1992, pp. 12-14; and Stephen S. Rosenfeld, "Return of the Neocons," Washington Post, August 28, 1992, p. A-23.
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66. Krauthammer, "Name Neocon to Post at State Dept.," Chicago Sun-Times, January 19, 1993, p. 27; and "America and Israel: For love of Zion," The Economist, November 14, 1992, p. 27.
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67. Daniel Pipes, "Bush, Clinton, and the Jews: A Debate," Commentary, October 1992.
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68. "Jewish Vote In Presidential Elections," Jewish Virtual Library.
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